The paper offers a distinctive reading of Popper’s work, suggesting that his Logic of Scientific Discovery (LScD) might be re-interpreted in the light of his Open Society. Indeed, Popper can be interpreted as criticising certain aspects of his first book, and as a result improving upon them, in his second. It suggests translating what Popper says about ‘conventions’ into his later vocabulary of ‘social institutions’. Looking back, I believe that Popper never intended the language of conventions and decisions to be read individualistically. I remain unsure whether Popper was himself quite as clear about this as he could have been.  My reading makes Popper a pioneer in the Sociology of science. Scientific institutions are arenas of Political power; but Popper did not discuss the structure and inter-relations of the social institutions of science, or offer a politics of science in the context of his methodology. What is missing from the skeletal Sociology of LScD is the politics. We could put it in Popperian terms this way: scientific institutions are both open and closed. They are closed, firmly, to the inexpert, to the non-members; supposedly they are open to the qualified, provided the prerogatives of seniority and leadership are acknowledged. Despite these shortcomings, Popper’s critical and rational approach and his insistence on openness and intellectual honesty are still important today.

Till now, Durkheim has not been known as a theorist of Political Sociology in Iran and also in the West. One reason for this delay is that Durkheim's Political books, including the book "Sociological lessons", translated and collected later than the rest of his works. Durkheim Political ideas in particular concerning the nature and function of the state, the role of the state in the development of moral individualism, and adjust the relation between state and society in a democracy. The importance of these ideas is in the specific definitions of state, civil morality, and democracy, and Durkheim's critique of socialism and communism's schools. Neo-Durkheimian Political Sociology, in recent decades, in the works of Jeffrey Alexander is one of the pillars of the formation known as the cultural turn in Political Sociology. In this article, Durkheim's opinions expressed and by the various schools of Political Sociology and late discussions of Political Sociology Durkheim also be discussed.

All schools and common patterns in the traditional paradigm of Political Sociology in the relationship between society and government, and particularly decisive influence social forces on the power Political within national state have been considered. But in recent decades due to the spread of globalization in various fields, and thus weakening the national state, it seems that scope area and threads and thus the dominant attitude in Political Sociology are major changes. Therefore it can be said that the "paradigm" of Political Sociology is changing and transformation. In the traditional paradigm of concepts such as national state, the relationship between state and society, the ruling class, Political elites, Political parties and social base of the regime have been overcome, whereas in the new paradigm of Sociology, power structures in the global level, the relationship between governments and global processes in different areas, the class of transnational identities, human rights and global citizenship, new social movements and etc. have been of prominent preference. This research tries to influence the process of globalization, especially the Political and technical-the technological aspects to the formation of a paradigmatic changes in the field of Political Sociology.

AbstractAging population is the product of population transition in which fertility and mortality decrease from high to low levels. The proportion of elderly people in the population is increasing and the number of young people is decreasing. The dimensions and consequences of this issue, despite the fact that in social sciences, such as; The economics of population aging, psychology of aging, Sociology of aging, etc. have been analyzed and evaluated, but this issue has not been paid much attention by sociologists and Political thinkers. Based on this, the present research aims to theorize the effects and consequences of this issue from the perspective of Political Sociology in the form of the theory of non-commitment. In this regard, what effects does the aging of the population have, for example, on the Political behavior of citizens or their electoral tendencies or on their Political demands from the government; Or what effects and consequences the aging of leaders, politicians and decision-makers will have on the behavior and performance of governments, in the future of policy-making, will be analyzed and analyzed. Demographic trends on the issue of aging confirm the fact that both current conditions and future trends of population aging are related to politics and power. In this research, with the aim of explaining and analyzing the subject and in order to obtain the required information, library data and documents have been used, and the method used in this research is analytical-descriptive.Keywords: Aging, Sociology of aging, population aging, Political Sociology, lack of commitment. 1. IntroductionThe analysis of the age structure of the population, which is considered the main interest of demographers, is not well understood by sociologists and Political thinkers, and therefore it is necessary that, along with various social sciences that understand new dimensions of this phenomenon day by day. Political Sociology should also pay serious attention to this issue through the lens of its epistemological foundations and especially evaluate and analyze the consequences of population aging from the perspective of this science. In this regard, in this research, an attempt is made to investigate and study the problem of population aging (without considering a specific country) theoretically, from the perspective of Political Sociology, and to be able to examine the problem of population aging from a new perspective and attitude. slow, and evaluate and analyze the determining dimensions and consequences of this issue on various aspects of social and Political life. Based on this, the present research will try to examine the effects and consequences of this issue from the perspective of Political Sociology. What effects does the aging of the population have on the Political behavior of citizens or their electoral tendencies or on their Political demands from the government? Or what effects and consequences will the aging of leaders, politicians and decision makers have on the behavior and performance of governments. The results of the article show that the aging population, from the perspective of Political Sociology, has caused a decrease in the level of Political activities and civil participation of citizens and pushes their demands from the Political spheres to the spheres of welfare and health and social security. On the other hand, aging in the field of Political leaders and politicians causes the reduction of aggressive and radical policies and the slowing down of fast and fundamental changes and causes a kind of conservative tendencies and behaviors in politics. Therefore, demographic trends on the issue of aging confirm the fact that both current conditions and future trends of population aging are related to politics and power. 2.Materials and MethodsAccording to the nature of the subject and research objectives and in order to obtain the required information and collect the materials, library data and documents have been used, based on various researches and researches conducted in the field of Sociology of aging, psychology of population aging and old age, To study the phenomenon of population aging from the perspective of Political Sociology with a forward-looking perspective. The type of research is also applied and developmental. The method used in this research is analytical and explanatory and based on interdisciplinary studies (i.e. the combination of Sociology, psychology and Political science) and tries to theoretically analyze the issue of population aging from the perspective of Political Sociology. examine and analyze its dimensions and consequences from this aspect. 3. Discussion3-1. Political Sociology of population agingIn this article the consequences and effects of population aging will be analyzed and investigated from the perspective of Political Sociology and with the theoretical framework of non-commitment. First, the Political Sociology of aging people and then the Political Sociology of aging politicians and Political leaders will be discussed.3.1.1. Political Sociology of aging peopleIn the aging society, since the elderly make up a significant percentage of the country’s population and the weight of this population group increases over time compared to other population groups and their role in Political developments will increase with the increase of their proportion in the population. Among the most important issues in this field, the Political attitude of the voters - young and old - towards the age of the election candidate, the Political priorities of the voters (young and old), the reduction of the Political participation of the elderly population, the reduction of social capital in the elderly society and the reduction of society’s institutions Madani is an old man in society. 3.1.2. Political Sociology of the aging of rulers and Political leadersAlong with the general aging of the workforce, one consequence of an aging world is that more leadership positions are held by older people than ever before. Psychological research has shown that older leaders have distinct characteristics compared to younger leaders. Therefore, this important includes things such as; Gerontocracy (the government of the elderly or gerontology), the influence of age and leadership in Political systems, the expansion of conservatism of Political leaders and away from the policies of rapid and fundamental changes, the aging of leaders and the reduction of international conflicts and the change of priorities towards the expansion of welfare policies. 4. ConclusionThe changes that older people face physically and mentally create different conditions that the non-commitment strategy refers to as active non-engagement. A situation that leads to a decrease in the amount of Political participation, a decrease in social capital, a decrease in civil society institutions, and a decrease in Political conflicts in the elderly society, because the elderly, in accordance with the strategy of non-commitment in the last years of life, gradually reduce their social connections with society and others. Data and at the same time the society also mutually separates the individual through the rational-legal requirements of the job system, changing the nature of the family, etc. As a result, elderly people reduce their activity level, look for more passive roles, and therefore the interaction of the elderly person in the social system, to which he belongs, decreases. Another consequence of the aging of the society is the change in the priorities, attitude and behavior of people regarding Political issues, which are affected by the aging, needs and psychological and physiological changes of this period. Therefore, as examined, the electoral behavior of voters, voting patterns and Political preferences of voters will be different in the old society. From the point of view of non-commitment theory, the important consequences of this change in behavior, priority and Political attitude, in addition to the movement of the society towards conservatism and the reduction of the tendency to accept innovation and reforms in the society, are the management of leadership positions by older people more than ever before. Elderly Political leaders whose physical and cognitive abilities have decreased due to old age and can have consequences such as the spread of gerontocracy, the spread of conservatism and away from the policies of quick and fundamental changes, the change of priorities towards the expansion of welfare policies, the reduction of international conflicts and the reduction of Political ambitions. To have together older leaders tend to behave more ideologically than strategically while in office.

Methodology is the corrector of understanding in any science; There are methods that cause extensive changes in science; Among them is Political Sociology, which follows a special approach in the analysis of social and Political actions. The purpose of this research is to answer the question of what is the Political approach in the face of Political and social actions. Although researchers have noted some points in this field, the approach of this research, which will come in the form of five levels, is an innovation that has been made in this article. This research methodically explains the approach of Political Sociology in the face of various Political-social actions with an analytical-descriptive method. The findings of this research indicate that the Political sociologist must first understand the action correctly in analyzing and confronting the various actions of the society, then explain it in detail and take into account the origin and causes of its occurrence as well as the effects and consequences of the action and provide an analysis at the end.

In the evolution of human knowledge in the humanities studies arena, subjects like Political thought was based on less critical tendencies and was copied and affected by translations of humanities. So, their intellectual, Political and Social foundations are not very strong. Even after Islamic revolution, we can't find any reliable division of works and movements in the field of Political thought. How ever, the Production of knowledge and the importance of creating theories, are the Strategic aim of the Political system and because of its necessity in the Islamic Society, some elites study in this field. But in spite of appropriate conditions, requirements and changes at the level of social demand, proposing following essential question is welcomed by elites and intellectuals:Why intellectual stagnation and evolution of thought in contemporary Iran prevent creative and up to date confronting with the concepts and discussions in "Political thought?"

Farabi has simultaniously deep philosopical debates and very clear literature in the area of Political sciology. He analyses society as hierarchy. The features of temper and psychological and capabilities have been affected by that hierarchy which is desinged and leept by Political leaders. Therefore rule, leadership and politics are important from Farabi’s view. But at the same time education is also important for Farabi, because it causes eultivation of capaetus and special skills for human being. Therfore, Farabi is a cultured thinker who is argued that values, norms, symbols, beliefs, and people attitudes have important role in their social actions. He refers to cultural’s role in badavi socities which have Political and structural consequences. He points out to geography and others spheres in forming culture. Farabi by considering above assumptions, analyses Political evolution and stability that are affected by social interactions. These interactions are affected by members ideas and tempers. Individual thought is affected by education, but human temper is creuted by Political and social structures. Therfore, Farabi refers to two essential variables, that are called governers and scientists. 

Iran's Islamic revolution, like any other revolution, has faced internal and external risks and challenges from the very beginning on the way to the stabilization process. One of the most important external dangers that could be a major threat to achieving its goals and ideals in the first decade of the victory of the revolution was the occurrence of an imposed war on 31 September 1359. Therefore, despite the fact that this war was a serious threat to the Islamic revolution, it helped to deepen and internalize the revolution. As a result, there was a positive relationship between the war and the Islamic revolution of Iran. Therefore, this article examines the impact of the Iran-Iraq war on the process of stabilization and continuation of the Islamic Revolution using the analytical-descriptive method. In fact, in this research, the role of war in the continuation of the revolution is tried to be investigated. The question that is raised is what effect did the Iraq war against Iran have on the process of stabilizing the revolution? And in answer to this question, it can be said that despite the invasion of the Iraqi Ba'ath regime on Iranian soil, which was aimed at weakening the Islamic Revolution and preventing its waves from penetrating the region, the war imposed by spreading the spirit of unity and national solidarity, acted in the direction of stabilizing the Islamic Revolution.

By surveying the literature on Political Sociology of Iran, this article seeks to portray the main methods used by researchers to study this topic. In other word, we try to find out that beside ontological (that is the main concepts being used) and epistemological (that is whether these concepts are being studied using positivist or non-positivist approaches) questions, what are the main methods being utilized in Political Sociology of Iran. We argue that four methods or approaches in studying Political Sociology of Iran can be realized namely, "Political culture and elitism", "class analysis", "Political economy" and "discourse analysis".